OSI model TCP IP model Encapsulation Frames packets and segments Bandwidth versus throughput Latency and jitter Unicast multicast broadcast MAC address MTU Network interface

Ethernet frame ARP request ARP cache Switch MAC table VLAN tagging Access port Trunk port STP concept Link aggregation PoE concept

IPv4 address Subnet mask CIDR notation Private IPv4 ranges Loopback address Default gateway Subnet calculation Broadcast address Static route ICMP ping

IPv6 address IPv6 compression IPv6 loopback Link-local address Global unicast address IPv6 prefix length SLAAC Neighbor discovery IPv6 multicast Dual stack

TCP three-way handshake TCP sequence numbers TCP acknowledgments TCP flow control TCP congestion concept TCP connection close UDP datagram TCP versus UDP Port numbers Socket tuple

DNS lookup DNS A record DNS AAAA record DNS CNAME DNS MX record DHCP lease NAT PAT NTP mDNS

HTTP request HTTP response status HTTPS TLS handshake concept TLS certificate inspection SSH SFTP SMTP IMAP WebSocket upgrade

Routing table Longest prefix match Static routing Dynamic routing concept OSPF concept BGP concept traceroute nslookup and dig netstat and ss Packet capture with tcpdump