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Optimization

minimize() scalar objective bounds in optimization constraints in minimize() least_squares() curve_fit() root() nonlinear equations linprog() linear programming minimize_scalar()

Integration

quad() single integral dblquad() double integral cumulative_trapezoid() solve_ivp() ODE ODE event detection dense ODE output simpson() sampled integration fixed_quad() Gaussian quadrature

Statistics

stats.norm distribution t-test one sample t-test independent samples Mann–Whitney U test chi-square test Pearson correlation Spearman correlation bootstrap confidence interval

Signal Processing

find_peaks() butter() filter design sosfilt() welch() power spectrum correlate() resample() signal savgol_filter() smoothing spectrogram()

Linear Algebra & Sparse

linalg.solve() LU factorization QR decomposition SVD sparse csr_matrix sparse linear solve eigs() sparse eigenvalues distance matrix

Spatial & Interpolation

KDTree nearest neighbors ConvexHull Delaunay triangulation interp1d() CubicSpline RegularGridInterpolator griddata() distance.cdist()

SciPy / Signal Processing

spectrogram()

Learn spectrogram() in SciPy with a dedicated explanation, a concept-specific example, practical cautions, and a mastery check.

12 min read • Intermediate

scipy-032.py

python

import numpy as np
from scipy.signal import spectrogram
fs=100; time=np.arange(0,2,1/fs); x=np.sin(2*np.pi*(5+10*time)*time)
f,t,sxx=spectrogram(x,fs=fs)
print(sxx.shape)

What to watch

Content source & attribution

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Lesson quizzes

spectrogram() Mastery Check →

savgol_filter() smoothing